Project Caladrius (oudated material)

cþC8E (2022-01-30) – cþD09 (2022-06-02)

As of cþD0A, the following sections are outdated due to the initial release of Project Elaine.

Outstanding issues with current draft

first-declension ⟦-e⟧ nouns have identical acc.sg and gen.pl forms if the nominative stem is not eclipseable
second-declension ⟦-iþ⟧ nouns have identical nom.du and sembl.gc forms if the N and S stems are the same
second-declension ⟦-eþ⟧ and ⟦-aþ⟧ nouns have identical nom.sg and dat.gc forms (temporarily worked around this issue; might find a different fix later)

Declension model

There are three types of components when it comes to declensions: constants, stems, and themes, which should be familiar from the existing chapter on nouns.

The definition of a stem is formalized: it is now defined as zero or more syllables followed by an onset that does not contain a lenited consonant.

The main thematic vowel of nouns, which is found in the nominative singular, is denoted by Θ (the Greek letter theta, for theme). Some nouns have a locative thematic vowel, which is denoted by Λ, for locative.

The thematic consonant (or consonant cluster), if any, is denoted by Σ, for σῠ́μφωνος.

Transformations

Instead of a hardcoded set of derivatives, Project Caladrius has a concept of transformations on grapheme sequences. Transformations are denoted by superscripted terms. The following basic transformations are defined:

^λ/μ: Replace the vowels in λ with the corresponding ones in μ.
^λ×μ: Apply an exchange transformation on a vowel: λ → μ; μ → λ.
^‹λ/μ: Replace this vowel with μ when the previous vowel (if any) is λ.
^~σ: Apply the transformation σ over both normal and hatted vowels.
^{σ · τ}: Apply the transformations σ and τ, in that order.

Other transformations can be expressed in terms of these:

^π = ^~aoe/oei
^γ = ^~aoe/eei
^δ = ^~aoei/iiee = ^{γ · ~e×i}
⁺ = ^~o/a
^κ = ^~o/e
^τ = ^~oi/ee
^η = ^{aeio/âêîô}
^ε = ^{âêîô/aeio}
^ξ = ^{~aeio/o[jo][jo]o}

Transformations can also be applied to stems:

^%σ applies σ to the last vowel of the stem.

Fusion

Moreover, the concept of fusion between a stem and a (possibly null) consonant is introduced. It is denoted by the symbol ⟦×⟧ (not to be confused with the njor). For most final bridges of stems, fusion is C-invariant; that is, the result is a mutated version of the stem that does not depend on C, followed by a morpheme boundary then C itself.

The following sections outline the rules for determining the result of the fusion. For the purposes of this section, ⟦m⟧ is not considered a valid coda. In the notation used here:

$σ$ denotes a syllable
$ι$ denotes an initial
$ω$ denotes an onset
$ν$ denotes a nucleus
$κ$ denotes a coda
$γ$ denotes a bridge
$λ$ denotes a consonant with which a stem can be fused (not an empty string!)
$ε$ denotes a null consonant

Stems ending in ⟦j⟧

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} ι j \times λ & = σ^{*} ι i- λ & F i n a l J \end{array}$

If X ends with a ⟦j⟧, then fusion is C-invariant with the terminal ⟦j⟧ changed to ⟦i⟧. In this document, earlier rules take precedence over later ones.

Valid codas

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} ω ν γ \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν γ - λ i f γ i s a v a l i d c o d a & V a l i d C o d a \end{array}$

If the final bridge of X is a valid coda (simple or complex), then fusion is C-invariant with the stem unchanged.

Degemination

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} ω ν rr \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν l- λ & D e g e m i n a t e R \\ σ^{*} ω ν ss \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν þ- λ & D e g e m i n a t e S \\ σ^{*} ω ν κ κ \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν κ - λ i f κ i s a v a l i d c o d a a n d | κ | = 1 & D e g e m i n a t e \end{array}$

If the bridge consists of two of the same consonant that alone is considered a valid coda, then fusion is C-invariant and one of the copies of the consonant is elided. As a special case, ⟦rr⟧ is reduced to ⟦l⟧ and ⟦ss⟧ to ⟦þ⟧ instead.

Stems ending in consonant + liquid onsets

When $ι$ is a consonant that can form an onset with ⟦r⟧ or ⟦l⟧ and $μ \in {r, l}$ :

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} ω^{'} ν^{'} ω ν ι μ \times λ & = σ^{*} ω^{'} ν^{'} ω ι ν μ - λ i f ω \in {ε, s, n, l} & C l - M e t a \\ σ^{*} ω ν t μ \times t & = σ^{*} ω ν r-t & C l - N o C o d a - W i t h T - t \\ σ^{*} ω ν ι μ \times t & = (σ^{*} ω ν ι \times ε) -d & C l - N o C o d a - W i t h T \\ σ^{*} ω ν ι μ \times t & = σ^{*} ω ν ι^{dc⁄rs} -ŋ i f ι \in {d, c} & C l - N o C o d a - W i t h N - d c \\ σ^{*} ω ν ι μ \times t & = σ^{*} ω ν ι \times n & C l - N o C o d a - W i t h N \\ σ^{*} ω ν ι μ \times þ & = σ^{*} ω ν r- ι i f ι \in {þ, ð} & C l - N o C o d a - W i t h Þ - þ ð \\ σ^{*} ω ν ι μ \times þ & = (σ^{*} ω ν ι \times ε) -ð & C l - N o C o d a - W i t h Þ \\ σ^{*} ι r \times ε & = σ^{*} ι \hat{o} r & C l - r - W i t h N i l \\ σ^{*} ι l \times ε & = σ^{*} ι \hat{e} l & C l - l - W i t h N i l \\ σ^{*} ι μ \times λ & = σ^{*} ι \hat{e} - λ i f λ \in {t, þ} & C l - W i t h T Þ \\ σ^{*} ι μ \times n & = σ^{*} ι \hat{o} - n & C l - W i t h N \end{array}$

Note that these rules do not apply to, for example, stems that end in ⟦-nr⟧. However, the last four rules do apply when $ι = ε$ , albeit with a special case, in which case they reduce to

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} r \times ε & = σ^{*} \hat{o} r & L - r - W i t h N i l \\ σ^{*} l \times ε & = σ^{*} \hat{e} l & L - l - W i t h N i l \\ σ^{*} μ \times λ & = σ^{*} \hat{e} - λ i f λ \in {t, þ} & L - W i t h T Þ \\ σ^{*} ω ν n μ \times n & = σ^{*} ω ν n-n & L - W i t h N - n \\ σ^{*} μ \times n & = σ^{*} \hat{o} - n & L - W i t h N \end{array}$

Stems ending in ⟦c⟧

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} ω ν þc \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν cþ- λ & F i n a l C - þ \\ σ^{*} ω ν nc \times ε & = σ^{*} ω ν^{ξ} r & F i n a l C - n - W i t h N i l \\ σ^{*} ω ν nc \times t & = σ^{*} ω ν n-c & F i n a l C - n - W i t h T \\ σ^{*} ω ν nc \times n & = σ^{*} ω ν nci-n & F i n a l C - n - W i t h N \\ σ^{*} ω ν κ c \times ε & = σ^{*} ω ν κ ec & F i n a l C - W i t h N i l \\ σ^{*} ω ν κ c \times t & = σ^{*} ω ν κ -t & F i n a l C - W i t h T \\ σ^{*} ω ν κ c \times n & = σ^{*} ω ν κ -ŋ & F i n a l C - W i t h N \\ σ^{*} ω ν κ c \times þ & = σ^{*} ω ν κ -cþ & F i n a l C - W i t h Þ \end{array}$

If X ends with ⟦þc⟧, then fusion is C-invariant and the final two consonants of the stem are metathesized.

If X ends with ⟦nc⟧, then fusion is not C-invariant. In this case, X fuses with the null consonant by considering the intermediate form ⟦-Vŋ⟧, which is finally realized as ⟦-or⟧ or ⟦-jor⟧. It fuses with ⟦t⟧ by eliding the ⟦t⟧, although the morpheme boundary is considered to occur before the ⟦c⟧. X fuses with ⟦n⟧ by inserting ⟦i⟧ after the stem, and with ⟦þ⟧ by leaving the stem unchanged but moving the morpheme boundary before the ⟦c⟧.

In other cases in which X ends with ⟦c⟧, X fuses with the null consonant by inserting ⟦e⟧ before the ⟦c⟧. It fuses with ⟦t⟧ by eliding the ⟦c⟧, with ⟦n⟧ by eliding the ⟦c⟧ and replacing the ⟦n⟧ with ⟦ŋ⟧, and with ⟦þ⟧ by leaving the stem unchanged but moving the morpheme boundary before the ⟦c⟧.

Note that the cases when the coda of the last full syllable is ⟦c⟧ or empty are already covered by previous rules.

Stems ending in ⟦n⟧

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} n \times λ & = σ^{*} en- λ & F i n a l N \end{array}$

If X ends with ⟦n⟧, then fusion is C-invariant and ⟦e⟧ is inserted before the final ⟦n⟧.

Note that the cases when the coda of the last full syllable is ⟦n⟧ or empty are already covered by previous rules.

Stems ending in ⟦ŋ⟧

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} ω ν ŋ \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν^{ξ} r- λ & F i n a l Ŋ - n i l \\ σ^{*} ω ν lŋ \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν l \hat{o} r - λ & F i n a l Ŋ - l \\ σ^{*} ω ν rþŋ \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν þ \hat{o} r - λ & F i n a l Ŋ - r þ \\ σ^{*} ω ν κ ŋ \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν κ \hat{o} r - λ & F i n a l Ŋ \end{array}$

If X ends with ⟦ŋ⟧, then fusion is C-invariant. If the preceding syllable has an empty coda, then its rime and the following onset are replaced with ⟦or⟧ or ⟦jor⟧. If the preceding syllable has a nonempty coda, then the following onset is replaced with ⟦ôr⟧; the codas ⟦r⟧ and ⟦rþ⟧ are additionally changed to ⟦l⟧ and to ⟦þ⟧.

Stems ending in ⟦s⟧

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} ω ν κ s \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν þ- λ i f κ \in {þ, f} & F i n a l S T o Þ \\ σ^{*} ω ν κ s \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν rþ- λ i f κ \in {r, rþ} & F i n a l S T o R Þ \\ σ^{*} ω ν ts \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν s- λ & F i n a l S - t \end{array}$

If X ends with ⟦s⟧, then fusion is C-invariant. The bridges ⟦þs⟧ and ⟦fs⟧ become ⟦þ⟧, ⟦rs⟧ and ⟦rþs⟧ become ⟦rþ⟧, ⟦ts⟧ becomes ⟦s⟧, and ⟦cs⟧ becomes ⟦cþ⟧.

Note that the cases when the coda of the last full syllable is ⟦s⟧, ⟦n⟧, ⟦l⟧, or empty are already covered by previous rules.

Stems ending in ⟦þ⟧ or ⟦ð⟧

For $ι \in {þ, ð}$ :

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} ω ν ð \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν þ- λ & F i n a l Ð - n i l \\ σ^{*} ω ν κ ι \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν rþ- λ i f κ \in {r, rþ} & F i n a l Þ Ð - r \\ σ^{*} ω ν n ð \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν n- λ & F i n a l Ð - n \\ σ^{*} ω ν þ ð \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν þ- λ & F i n a l Ð - þ \\ σ^{*} ω ν s ι \times ε & = σ^{*} ω ν seþ & F i n a l Þ Ð - s - W i t h N i l \\ σ^{*} ω ν s ι \times t & = σ^{*} ω ν þ-t & F i n a l Þ Ð - s - W i t h T \\ σ^{*} ω ν sþ \times n & = σ^{*} ω ν sþe-n & F i n a l Þ - s - W i t h N \\ σ^{*} ω ν sð \times n & = σ^{*} ω ν se-nd & F i n a l Ð - s - W i t h N \\ σ^{*} ω ν s ι \times þ & = σ^{*} ω ν s- ι & F i n a l Þ Ð - s - W i t h Þ \\ σ^{*} ω ν lþ \times ε & = σ^{*} ω ν rþ & F i n a l Þ - l - W i t h N i l \\ σ^{*} ω ν lð \times ε & = σ^{*} ω ν lðe & F i n a l Ð - l - W i t h N i l \\ σ_{0} σ^{*} ι^{'} μ ν l ι \times λ & = σ_{0} σ^{*} ι^{'} l μ ν þ- λ i f λ \in {t, n} a n d ι^{'} l i s a v a l i d o n s e t \\ F i n a l Þ Ð - l - W i t h T N M e t a \\ σ^{*} ω ν l ι \times t & = σ^{*} ω ν l- ι^{þð⁄td} & F i n a l Þ Ð - l - W i t h T \\ σ^{*} ω ν l ι \times n & = σ^{*} ω ν l ι e-n & F i n a l Þ Ð - l - W i t h N \\ σ^{*} ω ν l ι \times þ & = σ^{*} ω ν l-þ & F i n a l Þ Ð - l - W i t h Þ \\ σ^{*} ω ν tþ \times ε & = σ^{*} ω ν þ & F i n a l Þ - t - W i t h N i l \\ σ^{*} ω ν tð \times ε & = σ^{*} ω ν ðe & F i n a l Ð - t - W i t h N i l \\ σ^{*} ω ν t ι \times t & = σ^{*} ω ν þ- ι^{þð⁄td} & F i n a l Þ Ð - t - W i t h T \\ σ^{*} ω ν tþ \times n & = σ^{*} ω ν þn- & F i n a l Þ - t - W i t h N \\ σ^{*} ω^{'} ν^{'} γ μ ν tð \times n & = σ^{*} ω^{'} ν^{'} γ ð μ ν n- i f γ i s a v a l i d c o d a & F i n a l Ð - t - W i t h N M e t a \\ σ^{*} ω ν tð \times n & = σ^{*} ω ν ðen- & F i n a l Ð - t - W i t h N \\ σ^{*} ω ν t ι \times þ & = σ^{*} ω ν t- ι & F i n a l Þ Ð - t - W i t h Þ \\ σ^{*} ω ν cð \times ε & = σ^{*} ω ν cþ & F i n a l Ð - c - W i t h N i l \\ σ^{*} ω ν cð \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν cþ- λ^{tnþ⁄dnð} & F i n a l Ð - c - W i t h C o n s \\ σ^{*} ω ν f ι \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν f- λ & F i n a l Þ Ð - f \end{array}$

Note that the cases when the final onset is ⟦þ⟧ and the coda of the last full syllable is ⟦r⟧, ⟦n⟧, ⟦c⟧, ⟦þ⟧, or empty are already covered by previous rules.

Stems ending in ⟦cs⟧ or ⟦cþ⟧ clusters

For $μ \in {s, þ}$ :

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} ω ν c μ \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν cþ- λ & F i n a l C S - n i l \\ σ^{*} ω ν κ c μ \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν cþ- λ i f κ \in {r, s, þ, rþ, c} & F i n a l C S - r \\ σ^{*} ω ν nc μ \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν^{ξ} rþ- λ & F i n a l C S - n \\ σ^{*} ω ν lc μ \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν ls- λ & F i n a l C S - l \\ σ^{*} ω ν tc μ \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν t \hat{o} μ - λ & F i n a l C S - t \\ σ^{*} ω ν fc μ \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν f \hat{ı} μ - λ & F i n a l C S - f \end{array}$

Final ⟦i⟧-epenthesis

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} ω ν r þ \overset{ˇ}{s} \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν rþi- λ & F i n a l I E p e n t h e s i s - r þ \overset{ˇ}{s} \\ σ^{*} ω ν r þ \overset{ˇ}{c} \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν rti- λ & F i n a l I E p e n t h e s i s - r þ \overset{ˇ}{c} \\ σ^{*} ω ν lł \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν lði- λ & F i n a l I E p e n t h e s i s - l ł \\ σ^{*} ω ν t \overset{ˇ}{s} \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν \overset{ˇ}{c} i - λ & F i n a l I E p e n t h e s i s - t \overset{ˇ}{s} \\ σ^{*} ω ν t \overset{ˇ}{c} \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν \overset{ˇ}{c} i - λ & F i n a l I E p e n t h e s i s - t \overset{ˇ}{c} \\ σ^{*} ι \times λ & = σ^{*} ι i- λ i f ι \in {\overset{ˇ}{s}, ł, \overset{ˇ}{c}, c \overset{ˇ}{s}} & F i n a l I E p e n t h e s i s \end{array}$

If X ends with any of ⟦š⟧, ⟦ł⟧, or ⟦č⟧, then fusion is C-invariant with ⟦i⟧ inserted after the stem. In some cases, the bridge might be altered for smoother pronunciation (see rules above).

Stems ending in ⟦f⟧, ⟦v⟧, or ⟦m⟧

For $ι \in {f, v, m}$ :

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} ω ν ι \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν f- λ & F i n a l F V M - n i l \\ σ^{*} ω ν f ι \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν f- λ & F i n a l F V M - f \\ σ^{*} ω ν nm \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν n- λ & F i n a l M - n \\ σ^{*} ω ν κ m \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν n κ - λ i f κ \in {t, c} & F i n a l M - t c \\ σ^{*} ω ν κ ι \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν κ ef- λ & F i n a l F V M \end{array}$

Stems ending in ⟦g⟧

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} ω ν g \times λ & = g (σ^{*} ω ν, λ) & F i n a l G \end{array}$

Gee, that was helpful!

Stems ending in ⟦p⟧

Stems ending in ⟦h⟧

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} ω ν κ h \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν^{η} κ - λ & F i n a l H \end{array}$

If X ends with ⟦h⟧, then fusion is C-invariant. In this case, ⟦h⟧ is elided and the vowel of the last full syllable in X is hatted.

Stems ending in ⟦ħ⟧

$\begin{array}{lrlr} σ^{*} ω ν cħ \times λ & = g (σ^{*} ω ν, λ) & F i n a l Ħ - c \\ σ^{*} ω ν κ ħ \times λ & = σ^{*} ω ν κ - λ & F i n a l Ħ \end{array}$

If X ends with ⟦ħ⟧ without a preceding ⟦c⟧ coda, then fusion is C-invariant. In this case, ⟦ħ⟧ is elided.

If X ends with ⟦ħ⟧ with a preceding ⟦c⟧ coda, then fusion occurs as if the bridge were ⟦g⟧ instead. (The function $g$ is defined later.)

The first declension (penultimate)

Guidelines:

Λ can be either ⟦a⟧ or ⟦e⟧, but is more frequently ⟦a⟧
L must be different from N; the most common difference is to change the final vowel of N
S may be the same as N, but the most common difference is to change the final consonants of N (especially changing voiceless coronals to voiced coronals and ⟦r⟧ to ⟦l⟧)

Case \ Number	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	*	*	*	*	`NΘ`f
Accusative	*	`N`ôr	`NΘ`r	`NΘ`nþ	`NΘ`fen
Dative	*	*	*	*	`NΘ`fes
Genitive	`NΘ`^γn / `NΘ`^γs	`N`jôr (*)	`NΘ`^δn	`NΘ`^γns	`N`if
Locative	`LΛ`s	`LΛ`ce^‹e/is	`LΛ`^πs	`LΛ`^γns	`LΛ`fe^‹e/is
Instrumental	`L`eca	`L`ecca	`L`ica	`L`inca	`L`efca
Abessive	`L`eþa	`L`ecþa	`L`iþa	`L`inþa	`L`efþa
Semblative	`S`it	`S`et		`S`ict`Θ`	`S`icþ

Table 1: Common declensions for first-declension nouns.
The nominative dual form depends on the thematic vowel ⟦Θ⟧: ⟦a⟧ → ⟦Nac⟧, ⟦o⟧ → ⟦Nin⟧, and ⟦e⟧, ⟦i⟧ → ⟦Nic⟧.
(*): if ⟦N⟧ ends with ⟦j⟧, then replace it with ⟦l⟧.

Vowel-final nouns

⟦/⟧ in these tables means either I don’t know which one I should choose or it depends on things.

Case \ Number	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	`NΘ`	*	*	`NΘ`^γl	`NΘ`f
Accusative	`NΘ`n	`N`ôr	`NΘ`r	`NΘ`nþ	`NΘ`fen
Dative	`NΘ`s		`NΘ`⁺i	`NΘ`rin	`NΘ`fes

Table 2: Common declensions for vowel-final nouns.

Ending	-a	-o	-e
Nominative dual	`N`ac	`N`in	`N`ic
Nominative plural	`N`o	`N`an	`N`i

Table 3: Variable declensions for vowel-final nouns.

Vowel + ⟦i⟧ nouns

Not currently in ŊCv9, but projected to house mainly personal and place names.

Vowel + ⟦s⟧ nouns

Note that in Caladrius, the locative to semblative cases are inflected identically across all first-declension nouns.

Case \ Number	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	`NΘ`s	*	`NΘ`^γs	`NΘ`rin	`NΘ`f
Accusative	`NΘ`^ηns	`N`ôr	`NΘ`r	`NΘ`nþ	`NΘ`fen
Dative	`N`o	`NΘ`þ	`NΘ`⁺ri	`NΘ`sin	`NΘ`fes

Table 4: Common declensions for vowel + ⟦-s⟧ nouns.

Ending	-as	-es
Nominative dual	`N`ac	`N`ic

Table 5: Variable declensions for vowel + ⟦-s⟧ nouns.

Vowel + ⟦þ⟧ nouns

Case \ Number	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	`NΘ`^ηþ	*	`NΘ`^γs	`NΘ`si^‹i/en	`NΘ`f
Accusative	`NΘ`^ηns	`N`ôr	`NΘ`r	`NΘ`nþ	`NΘ`fen
Dative	`N`es	`NΘ`þ	`NΘ`⁺ri	`NΘ`þin	`NΘ`fes

Table 6: Common declensions for vowel + ⟦-þ⟧ nouns.

Ending	-âþ	-ôþ	-êþ	-îþ
Nominative dual	`N`ac	`N`in	`N`ic	`N`ic

Table 7: Variable declensions for vowel + ⟦-þ⟧ nouns.

The second declension (penultimate)

Have a separate G stem.

Guidelines:

Λ can be either ⟦e⟧ or ⟦i⟧
G can be same as or different from N
L can potentially be the same as N but is usually different from it. The difference is usually more substantial than a change in the final vowel of the stem.
S may be the same as N, but the most common difference is to change the final consonants of N (especially changing voiceless coronals to voiced coronals and ⟦r⟧ to ⟦l⟧)

⟦-in⟧ and ⟦-is⟧ nouns

Case \ Number	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	`NΘΣ`	`N`ec`ΘΣ`	`N`a`Σ`	`N`e`Σ`^ns/dc`Θ`n	`NΘ`^τs
Accusative	`N`e	`N`ec	`N`eri	`N`eħin	`NΘ`^τns
Dative	`N`ês	`N`ecþ	`N`erþ	`N`erin	`NΘ`^τþ
Genitive	`G`en	`G`jôr	`G`eþ	`G`ens	`NΘ`^τst
Locative	`LΛ`lt	`LΛ`lt`Θ`c	`GΛ`^e×ilt	`GΛ`lten	`LΛ`f
Instrumental	`LΛ`lca	`LΛ`lhac	`LΛ`lco	`LΛ`lcen	`LΛ`lcaf
Abessive	`LΛ`lþa	`LΛ`lþac	`LΛ`lþo	`LΛ`lþen	`LΛ`lþaf
Semblative	`S`it	`S`et		`S`ict`Θ`	`S`icþ

Table 8: Declensions for ⟦-in⟧ and ⟦-is⟧ nouns.

Vowel + ⟦r⟧ nouns

⟦-êr⟧, ⟦-îr⟧

The second declension (ultimate)

Lack a separate G stem.

Similar guidelines to the penultimate case, except that you don’t need to create a separate G stem.

Σ is one of ⟦r l þ rþ⟧. The following transformations are defined for Σ:

`Σ`	r	l	þ	rþ
`Σ`^л	r	r	s	r
`Σ`^ж	ð	ð	s	r

Table 9: Transformations for the thematic consonant for second-declension ultimate nouns.

Case \ Number	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	`NΘΣ`	`NΘ`c \| *	`NΘ`^γr	`NΘΣ`^жin	`NΘ`^τs
Accusative	`NΘ`rin \| `NΘ`ðin	`NΘΣ`jôr	`N`e`Σ`^лi	`N`e`Σ`^лinþ	`NΘ`^τnþ
Dative	`NΘ`ls \| `NΘ`þe^‹e/is	`N`elci \| *	`N`a`Σ`^лi	`NΘ`lsen \| *	`NΘ`^τþ(ar)
Genitive	`NΘ`^τi	`NΘ`^τci	`NΘ`^τvi	`NΘ`^τħin	`NΘ`^τst
Locative	`LΛ`lt	`LΛ`lt`Θ`c	`NΛ`^e×ilt	`NΛ`lten	`LΛ`f
Instrumental	`LΛ`lca	`LΛ`lhac	`LΛ`lco	`LΛ`lcen	`LΛ`lcaf
Abessive	`LΛ`lþa	`LΛ`lþac	`LΛ`lþo	`LΛ`lþen	`LΛ`lþaf
Semblative	`S`it	`S`et		`S`ict`Θ`	`S`icþ

Table 10: Common declensions for second-declension ultimate nouns. (If an entry consists of two forms separated by a pipe, then the former applies to ⟦-r⟧ and ⟦-l⟧ nouns, and the latter applies to ⟦-þ⟧ and ⟦-rþ⟧ nouns.)

Vowel + ⟦r⟧ nouns

Case \ Number	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	`NΘ`r	`NΘ`c	`NΘ`^γr	`NΘ`ðin	`NΘ`^τs
Accusative	`NΘ`rin	`NΘ`rjôr	`N`eri	`NΘ`rinþ	`NΘ`^τnþ
Dative	`NΘ`ls	`N`elci	`N`ari	`NΘ`lsen	`NΘ`^τþ(ar)

Table 11: Declensions for vowel + ⟦r⟧ nouns.

Vowel + ⟦l⟧ nouns

Case \ Number	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	`NΘ`l	`NΘ`c	`NΘ`^γr	`NΘ`ðin	`NΘ`^τs
Accusative	`NΘ`rin	`NΘ`ljôr	`N`eri	`NΘ`rinþ	`NΘ`^τnþ
Dative	`NΘ`ls	`N`elci	`N`ari	`NΘ`lsen	`NΘ`^τþ(ar)

Table 12: Declensions for vowel + ⟦l⟧ nouns.

Vowel + ⟦þ⟧ nouns

Case \ Number	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	`NΘ`þ	`NΘ`cþ	`NΘ`^γr	`NΘ`sin	`NΘ`^τs
Accusative	`NΘ`ðin	`NΘ`þjôr	`N`esi	`NΘ`sinþ	`NΘ`^τnþ
Dative	`NΘ`þe^‹e/is	`N`ecþi	`N`asi	`NΘ`þen	`NΘ`^τþar

Table 13: Declensions for vowel + ⟦þ⟧ nouns.

Vowel + ⟦rþ⟧ nouns

Case \ Number	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	`NΘ`rþ	`NΘ`rþ	`NΘ`^γr	`NΘ`rin	`NΘ`^τs
Accusative	`NΘ`ðin	`NΘ`rþjôr	`N`eri	`NΘ`rinþ	`NΘ`^τnþ
Dative	`NΘ`rþe^‹e/is	`N`ercþi	`N`ari	`NΘ`rþen	`NΘ`^τþar

Table 14: Declensions for vowel + ⟦rþ⟧ nouns.

The third declension

⟦-os⟧ nouns

⟦-or⟧ nouns

⟦-on⟧ nouns

⟦-el⟧ nouns

The fourth declension

Rationale

Why these eight cases?

They were there since the start of ŊCv9. In ŊCv7, there were twelve cases, but because of argument packing in verbs, the ablative, allative, prolative, and semblative I cases were rarely used and were removed in ŊCv9.

Why these five numbers?

ŊCv7 had singular, dual, and plural numbers, as it was since VE²ENCS. The generic was added early in ŊCv9 to make things more interesting. Later on, the singulative was added along with the concept of clareþ in order to clarify the fact that some nouns lacked a useful interpretation for dual and plural numbers, as well as to make things more interesting.

Why are the nominative singular endings of vowel + ⟦þ⟧ nouns hatted?

To force stress on the penultimate syllable.

Why is the dative singular ending for second-declension ⟦-in⟧ and ⟦-is⟧ nouns ⟦-ês⟧ instead of ⟦-es⟧?

To avoid syncretism with the nominative generic.

Examples

⟨ferna, firnas, fenlit⟩ (0/Ip(V))

	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	ferna	fernac	ferno	fernel	fernaf
Accusative	fernan	fernate	ferner	fernanþ	fernafen
Dative	fernas	fernas	fernai	fernarin	fernafes
Genitive	fernen	vfernec	vfernin	vfernens	fernif
Locative	firnas	firnesac	firnos	firnens	firnaf
Instrumental	firneca	firnehac	firnecta	firnegen	firnecef
Abessive	firneþa	firneþac	firnaþa	firneðen	firneþef
Semblative	fernit	fernicta	fernet	fernicta	fernicþ

Table 15: Current declensions for ⟨ferna⟩ child, with locative collective form ⟨firnas⟩ and semblative collective form ⟨fenlit⟩. (For illustration purposes, this table assumes that nouns can be declined for all numbers.)

	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	ferna	fernac	ferno	fernel	fernaf
Accusative	fernan	fernôr	fernar	fernanþ	fernafen
Dative	fernas	fernas	fernai	fernarin	fernafes
Genitive	fernen	vfernjôr	vfernin	vfernens	fernif
Locative	firnas	firnaces	firnos	firnens	firnafes
Instrumental	firneca	firnecca	firnica	firninca	firnefca
Abessive	firneþa	firnecþa	firniþa	firninþa	firnefþa
Semblative	fernit	fernet	fernet	fernicta	fernicþ

Table 16: Declensions for ⟨ferna⟩ child, with locative collective form ⟨firnas⟩ and semblative collective form ⟨fenlit⟩ under Project Caladrius. (For illustration purposes, this table assumes that nouns can be declined for all numbers.)

⟨ageþne, agoþnas, ageþnit⟩ (0/Ip(V))

	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	ageþne	ageþnec	ageþni	ageþnil	ageþnef
Accusative	ageþnen	ageþnete	ageþnir	ageþnenþ	ageþnefen
Dative	ageþnes	ageþnes	ageþnei	ageþnerin	ageþnefes
Genitive	ageþnin	gageþnic	gageþnin	gageþnins	ageþnif
Locative	agoþnes	agoþnesac	agoþnis	agoþnins	agoþnef
Instrumental	agoþneca	agoþnehac	agoþnecta	agoþnegen	agoþnecif
Abessive	agoþneþa	agoþneþac	agoþneþa	agoþneðen	agoþneþif
Semblative	ageþnit	ageþnicte	ageþnet	ageþnicte	ageþnicþ

Table 17: Current declensions for ⟨ageþne⟩ virtue, with locative collective form ⟨agoþnes⟩ and semblative collective form ⟨ageþnit⟩. (For illustration purposes, this table assumes that nouns can be declined for all numbers.)

	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	ageþne	ageþnic	ageþni	ageþnil	ageþnef
Accusative	ageþnen	ageþnôr	ageþner	ageþnenþ	ageþnefen
Dative	ageþnes	ageþnes	ageþnei	ageþnerin	ageþnefes
Genitive	ageþnin	gageþnjôr	gageþnen	gageþnins	ageþnef
Locative	agoþnas	agoþnaces	agoþnos	agoþnens	agoþnafes
Instrumental	agoþneca	agoþnecca	agoþnica	agoþninca	agoþnefca
Abessive	agoþneþa	agoþnecþa	agoþniþa	agoþninþa	agoþnefþa
Semblative	ageþnit	ageþnet	ageþnet	ageþnicte	ageþnicþ

Table 18: Declensions for ⟨ageþne⟩ virtue, with locative collective form ⟨agoþnas⟩ and semblative collective form ⟨ageþnit⟩ under Project Caladrius. (For illustration purposes, this table assumes that nouns can be declined for all numbers.)

⟨tfaþo, tfoþes, tfadit⟩ (0/Ip(V))

	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	tfaþo	tfaþoc	tfaþe	tfaþel	tfaþof
Accusative	tfaþon	tfaþate	tfaþer	tfaþonþ	tfaþofen
Dative	tfaþos	tfaþos	tfaþai	tfaþorin	tfaþofes
Genitive	tfaþen	tfaþec	tfaþin	tfaþens	tfaþif
Locative	tfoþos	tfoþesac	tfoþes	tfoþens	tfoþof
Instrumental	tfoþeca	tfoþehac	tfoþecta	tfoþegen	tfoþecef
Abessive	tfoþeþa	tfoþeþac	tfoþeþa	tfoþeðen	tfoþeþef
Semblative	tfadit	tfadicto	tfadet	tfadicto	tfadicþ

Table 19: Current declensions for ⟨tfaþo⟩ village, town, with locative collective form ⟨tfoþos⟩ and semblative collective form ⟨tfadit⟩. (For illustration purposes, this table assumes that nouns can be declined for all numbers.)

	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	tfaþo	tfaþin	tfaþan	tfaþel	tfaþof
Accusative	tfaþon	tfaþôr	tfaþor	tfaþonþ	tfaþofen
Dative	tfaþos	tfaþos	tfaþai	tfaþorin	tfaþofes
Genitive	tfaþen	tfaþjôr	tfaþin	tfaþens	tfaþif
Locative	tfoþes	tfoþecis	tfoþis	tfoþins	tfoþefis
Instrumental	tfoþeca	tfoþecca	tfoþica	tfoþinca	tfoþefca
Abessive	tfoþeþa	tfoþecþa	tfoþiþa	tfoþinþa	tfoþefþa
Semblative	tfadit	tfadet	tfadet	tfadicto	tfadicþ

Table 20: Declensions for ⟨tfaþo⟩ village, town, with locative collective form ⟨tfoþes⟩ and semblative collective form ⟨tradit⟩ under Project Caladrius. (For illustration purposes, this table assumes that nouns can be declined for all numbers.)

⟨eltes, ilteþ, eldit⟩ (1/Ip(Vs))

	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	eltes	eltec	eltis	elterin	eltef
Accusative	elten	elteste	eltir	eltenþ	eltefen
Dative	elteþ	elteþe	elteri	eltesin	eltefes
Genitive	eltin	gelticþ	geltin	geltins	eltif
Locative	ilteþ	ilteþac	iltiþ	iltinþ	iltef
Instrumental	iltecþa	iltecþac	iltecta	iltecþen	iltecþif
Abessive	ilteþþa	ilteþþac	ilteþþa	ilteþþen	ilteþþif
Semblative	eldit	eldiste	eldet	eldiste	eldicþ

Table 21: Current declensions for ⟨eltes⟩ river, with locative collective form ⟨ilteþ⟩ and semblative collective form ⟨eldit⟩. (For illustration purposes, this table assumes that nouns can be declined for all numbers.)

	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	eltes	eltic	eltis	elterin	eltef
Accusative	eltêns	eltôr	elter	eltenþ	eltefen
Dative	elto	elteþ	elteri	eltesin	eltefes
Genitive	eltin	geltjôr	gelten	geltins	eltif
Locative	iltes	iltecis	iltis	iltens	iltefis
Instrumental	ilteca	iltecca	iltica	iltinca	iltefca
Abessive	ilteþa	iltecþa	iltiþa	iltinþa	iltefþa
Semblative	eldit	eldet	eldet	eldicte	eldicþ

Table 22: Declensions for ⟨eltes⟩ river, with locative collective form ⟨iltes⟩ and semblative collective form ⟨eldit⟩ under Project Caladrius. (For illustration purposes, this table assumes that nouns can be declined for all numbers.)

⟨leþin, lsersen, liselt, leðit⟩ (4/IIp(iC))

	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	leþin	leþecin	leþjan	leþedin	leþef
Accusative	leþe	leþec	leþeri	leþeħin	leþefen
Dative	leþes	leþecþo	leþerþ	leþerin	leþefes
Genitive	lersen	lersenco	lerseþ	lersens	lersefin
Locative	liselt	liseltic	lersilt	lerselten	lisef
Instrumental	liselca	liselhac	liselco	liselcen	lisecef
Abessive	liselþa	liselþac	lisilþa	liselþen	liseþef
Semblative	leðit	leðinte	leðet	leðinte	leðicþ

Table 23: Current declensions for ⟨leþin⟩ bluebird, with genitive collective form ⟨lersen⟩, locative collective form ⟨liselt⟩, and semblative collective form ⟨leðit⟩. (For illustration purposes, this table assumes that nouns can be declined for all numbers.)

	Direct	Dual	Plural	Singulative	Generic
Nominative	leþin	leþecin	leþan	leþedin	leþes
Accusative	leþe	leþec	leþeri	leþeħin	leþens
Dative	leþês	leþecþ	leþerþ	leþerin	leþeþ
Genitive	lersen	lersjôr	lerseþ	lersens	leþest
Locative	liselt	liseltic	lersilt	lerselten	lisef
Instrumental	liselca	liselhac	liselco	liselcen	liselcaf
Abessive	liselþa	liselþac	lisilþo	liselþen	liselþaf
Semblative	leðit	leðet	leðet	leðicte	leðicþ

Table 24: Declensions for ⟨leþin⟩ bluebird, with genitive collective form ⟨lersen⟩, locative collective form ⟨liselt⟩, and semblative collective form ⟨leðit⟩ under Project Caladrius. (For illustration purposes, this table assumes that nouns can be declined for all numbers.)

Full texts

Square Poem #0x00

⟨ondis⟩ in the original is an error; it should have been ⟨ondelt⟩ originally.

venełan ~~erionoros~~ ??? sivandełas ~~crîði~~ ???
rana nalfo. mêven ~~łan~~ ???
vesro; ħespe; čercas; ~~ondis~~ ondelt
~~cfjoþelþa~~ cfjoþeþa lora aveneca gendroris.